Increased Ethanol Production By Genetic Engineering Of Microorganisms To Express Hemoglobin

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure describes novel bacterial strains which express a pyruvate decarboxylase gene and at least one alcohol dehydrogenase gene from a bacteria of the genus  Zymomonas  and also express a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria of the genus  Vitreoscilla . The present disclosure further describes methods for producing fermentation products with a microorganism which expresses a pyruvate decarboxylase gene and at least one alcohol dehydrogenase gene from a bacteria of the genus  Zymomonas  and also express a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria of the genus  Vitreoscilla . Further the present disclosure describes methods for increasing production of a fermentation product comprising genetically engineering a microorganism which expresses a xylose isomerase gene to also express a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria of the genus  Vitreoscilla.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 61/329,796, filed on Apr. 30, 2010, entitled “Increased EthanolProduction by Genetic Engineering of Bacteria to Express Hemoglobin.”This provisional application is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the fields of microbiology and geneticengineering. More specifically, the present disclosure describes thatexpression of a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria of the genusVitreoscilla was found to increase production of fermentation productsin microorganisms grown under substantially anaerobic conditions.

BACKGROUND

The following description provides a summary of information relevant tothe present disclosure and is not a concession that any of theinformation provided or publications referenced herein is prior art tothe claimed invention.

Production of fermentation products, including ethanol, bymicroorganisms provides an alternative energy source to fossil fuels andis therefore an important area of current research.

The pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes ofZymomonas mobilis provide a more efficient biochemical pathway for theproduction of ethanol in comparison to for example the pyruvate formatelyase pathway of E. coli (FIG. 14). Dien, B. S., et al. “Bacteriaengineered for fuel ethanol production: current status.” AppliedMicrobiology and Biotechnology 63 (2003): 258-266. The efficiency of thepyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase II biochemical pathwayto ethanol results at least in part from the necessary investment ofonly one NADH in the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol whereas otherethanol pathways such as the pyruvate formate lyase pathway require theinvestment of two NADH in the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol.

In the context of fermentation of the sugar xylose, ethanol productionefficiency may be gained by expression of the enzyme xylose isomerase.Xylose is commonly fermented to ethanol through the intermediatexylulose-5-phosphate which is then fed into the pentose phosphatepathway. The conversion of xylose to xylulose may be a less efficienttwo-step conversion from xylose to xylitol then to xylulose or a moreefficient one-step conversion, if xylose isomerase is present, directlyfrom xylose to xylulose.

Vitreoscilla is a genus of filamentous gram-negative bacteria found infreshwater sediments, stagnant ponds, cow dung and decaying vegetablematter where oxygen availability is low. Vitreoscilla C1 is an obligateaerobe which synthesizes a soluble hemoglobin (VHb). VHb is a dimer oftwo identical subunits each having a relative mass of 15.8 kDa and a bheme. VHb is the best characterized member of the family of bacterialhemoglobin proteins.

VHb has been expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae),baker's yeast, and increased ethanol production was demonstrated incomparison to non-VHb expressing controls on synthetic dextrose mediumsupplemented with 0.1% glucose. Chen, W., et al. “IntracellularExpression of Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin Alters the Aerobic Metabolism ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae.” Biotechnology Progress 10 (1994): 308-313.Also, the VHb expressing strain was shown to grow to a lower cellculture density indicating a redirection of carbon from biomassproduction to ethanol. The metabolic changes to S. cerevisiae wereattributed to changes in respiration and addition of respirationinhibitor antimycin A was shown to eliminate the effect of VHb onethanol production.

VHb expression has been studied in E. coli from anisopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) inducible plasmid for theresulting effects on metabolism under low oxygen conditions in 0.4%glucose supplemented complex medium. Tsai, P. et al. “Effect ofVitreoscilla Hemoglobin Dosage on Microaerobic Escherichia coli Carbonand Energy Metabolism.” Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996):139-150. It was found that increased concentrations of VHb (induced byincreased concentrations of IPTG) increased the final cell culturedensity as measured by increases in the grams dry cell weight per liter.However, it was found that concentrations of ethanol were decreasedmonotonically with increasing VHb dosage. According to this study, VHbin E. coli redirected carbon away from ethanol production toward biomassproduction.

Most recently, VHb expression in S. cerevisiae was found to increaseethanol production efficiency on yeast synthetic complete media with 5%xylose. Ruohonen L., et al. “Expression of Vitreoscilla hemoglobinimproves the metabolism of xylose in recombinant yeast Saccharomycescerevisiae under low oxygen conditions.” Enzyme and Microbial Technology39 (2006): 6-14. In both yeast and E. coli, xylose is metabolized toethanol via the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). The wild-type yeastpathway for preparation of xylose for entry into PPP comprises atwo-step reductive and oxidative conversion of xylose to xyluloserequiring the enzymes xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase. Firstxylose is reduced to xylitol by xylose reductase with NADPH→NADP+ ascofactor, and second xylitol is oxidized to xylulose by xylitoldehydrogenase with NAD+→NADH as cofactor. Inefficient xylose metabolismin yeast has been attributed in part to the redox cofactor imbalance inpre-PPP xylose preparation between the reduction of xylose, which causesNADP+ accumulation, and the oxidation of xylitol, which causes NADHaccumulation. One of the consequences of this imbalance is believed tobe the build-up of xylitol, as low oxygen conditions limit regenerationof NAD+. In the study by Ruohonen, VHb expression was found to reducexylitol production by as much as 40% and increase ethanol production byas much as 30%. The primary explanation for these improvements proposedby the authors was that VHb facilitated conversion of NADH to itsoxidized form, NAD+, thus driving xylose from the xylitol intermediateto xylulose and thus facilitating entry of xylose into PPP.

In contrast to wild-type yeast, wild-type E. coli convert xylose toxylulose in one step with the enzyme xylose isomerase. Consequently,xylose preparation for PPP in E. coli does not have a redox cofactorimbalance and xylitol is not an intermediate. If the primary explanationproposed by the authors of the yeast VHb expression-xylose fermentationstudy accounts for most of the increase in ethanol production, then itwould be expected that VHb would not similarly increase ethanolproduction from E. coli xylose fermentation.

There remains a need to develop novel microorganisms and methods whichcan increase the efficiency of the production of fermentation products,such as ethanol.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure describes novel microorganisms and methods forproducing fermentation products with such novel microorganisms. Inparticular, the disclosure describes novel microorganisms which utilizea carbon source to produce a fermentation product wherein saidmicroorganism expresses a pyruvate decarboxylase gene (e.g. pdc) and atleast one alcohol dehydrogenase gene (e.g. adhb) from a bacteria of thegenus Zymomonas, and further wherein said microorganism comprises atleast one genetic modification which provides for expression of ahemoglobin gene from a bacteria of the genus Vitreoscilla. Saidmicroorganism is a prokaryote or eukaryote. In one embodiment, saidmicroorganism is a prokaryote. In an embodiment, said microorganism is abacteria of a genus selected from the group consisting of Escherichiaand Zymomonas. In one embodiment, said microorganism is a bacteria ofthe genus Escherichia. In an embodiment, said microorganism isEscherichia coli. In another embodiment, the microorganism is a bacteriaof the genus Zymomonas. In an embodiment, said microorganism isZymomonas mobilis. Said microorganisms have improved fermentationperformance compared to an essentially genetically identicalmicroorganisms which lack at least one genetic modification whichprovides for expression of a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria of thegenus Vitreoscilla. In an embodiment, the expression of a hemoglobingene from a bacteria of the genus Vitreoscilla in said microorganismproduces a concentration of intracellular hemoglobin greater than 0 andless than about 125 nmoles per gram wet weight of cells. In anotherembodiment, the expression of a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria of thegenus Vitreoscilla in said microorganism produces a concentration ofintracellular hemoglobin greater than 0 and less than about 100 nmolesper gram wet weight of cells. In an embodiment, the expression of ahemoglobin gene from a bacteria of the genus Vitreoscilla in saidmicroorganism produces a concentration of intracellular hemoglobingreater than 0 and less than about 75 nmoles per gram wet weight ofcells.

In addition, the present disclosure describes a method for producing afermentation product comprising: a) providing a microorganism whichutilizes a carbon source to produce a fermentation product wherein saidmicroorganism expresses a pyruvate decarboxylase gene and at least onealcohol dehydrogenase gene from a bacteria of the genus Zymomonas; b)modifying the genetics of said microorganism wherein said modifyingcomprises at least one genetic modification which provides forexpression of a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria of the genusVitreoscilla; and c) contacting the genetically modified microorganismof step b) with at least one carbon source under substantially anaerobicconditions. Said microorganism of the method for producing afermentation product is a prokaryote or eukaryote. In an embodiment,said microorganism is a prokaryote. In one embodiment, saidmicroorganism is a bacteria of a genus selected from the groupconsisting of Escherichia and Zymomonas. In one embodiment, said methodfor producing a fermentation product wherein the fermentation product isethanol. In an embodiment, said method for producing a fermentationproduct wherein the at least one carbon source is selected from thegroup consisting of glucose and xylose. In one embodiment, said methodfor producing a fermentation product wherein the expression of ahemoglobin gene from a bacteria of the genus Vitreoscilla produces aconcentration of intracellular hemoglobin in said microorganism greaterthan 0 and less than about 125 nmoles per gram wet weight of cells. Inan embodiment, said method for producing a fermentation product whereinthe expression of a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria of the genusVitreoscilla produces a concentration of intracellular hemoglobin insaid microorganism greater than 0 and less than about 100 nmoles pergram wet weight of cells. In one embodiment, said method for producing afermentation product wherein the expression of a hemoglobin gene from abacteria of the genus Vitreoscilla produces a concentration ofintracellular hemoglobin in said microorganism greater than 0 and lessthan about 75 nmoles per gram wet weight of cells.

Further, the disclosure describes a method for increasing production ofa fermentation product comprising: a) providing a microorganism whichutilizes a carbon source comprising xylose to produce a fermentationproduct wherein said microorganism expresses at least one xyloseisomerase gene; b) modifying the genetics of said microorganism whereinsaid modifying comprises at least one genetic modification whichprovides for expression of a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria of thegenus Vitreoscilla; and c) contacting the genetically modifiedmicroorganism of step b) with at least one carbon source comprisingxylose under substantially anaerobic conditions wherein production ofthe fermentation product is increased compared to fermentation underequivalent conditions with an essentially genetically identicalmicroorganism which lacks at least one genetic modification whichprovides for expression of a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria of thegenus Vitreoscilla. In one embodiment, said method for increasingproduction of a fermentation product wherein the fermentation product isethanol. Said microorganism of the method for increasing production of afermentation product is a prokaryote or eukaryote. In an embodiment,said microorganism is a prokaryote. In an embodiment, said microorganismis a bacteria of the genus Escherichia. In one embodiment, said methodfor increasing production of a fermentation product wherein theexpression of a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria of the genusVitreoscilla produces a concentration of intracellular hemoglobin insaid microorganism greater than 0 and less than about 125 nmoles pergram wet weight of cells. In an embodiment, said method for increasingproduction of a fermentation product wherein the expression of ahemoglobin gene from a bacteria of the genus Vitreoscilla produces aconcentration of intracellular hemoglobin in said microorganism greaterthan 0 and less than about 100 nmoles per gram wet weight of cells. Inone embodiment, said method for increasing production of a fermentationproduct wherein the expression of a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria ofthe genus Vitreoscilla produces a concentration of intracellularhemoglobin in said microorganism greater than 0 and less than about 75nmoles per gram wet weight of cells. In an embodiment, said method forincreasing production of a fermentation product wherein the carbonsource is derived from cellulosic biomass.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure describes microorganisms whichare bacteria of the genus Escherichia wherein the genes pyruvatedecarboxylase (pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase II (adhb) from a bacteriaof the genus Zymomonas are heterologously expressed in themicroorganisms. The expression of pdc and adhb is provided by insertionof one or both of such genes into the chromosome of the bacteria of thegenus Escherichia or is provided for by presence of one or both suchgenes on an plasmid. The expression of a hemoglobin gene from a bacteriaof the genus Vitreoscilla is provided by insertion of such hemoglobingene into the chromosome of the bacteria of the genus Escherichia, isprovided for on an plasmid which is the same plasmid carrying pdc and/oradhb or is provided on a plasmid which does not carry either pdc oradhb.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure describes themicroorganism is a bacteria of the genus Zymomonas which has endogenousexpression of at least one pyruvate decarboxylase and at least onealcohol dehydrogenase gene wherein a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria ofthe genus Vitreoscilla is provided by insertion of such hemoglobin geneinto the chromosome of such microorganism or is provided on a plasmid.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure describes a microorganismwhich utilizes a carbon source comprising xylose to produce afermentation product wherein said microorganism expresses a xyloseisomerase enzyme and said microorganism is genetically modified suchthat a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria of the genus Vitreoscilla isprovided by insertion of such hemoglobin gene into the chromosome ofsuch microorganism or is provided on a plasmid. The xylose isomerasegene may be endogenously expressed or heterologously expressed. Thexylose isomerase gene may be a wild-type gene, a mutated gene or apurposefully modified gene. In one embodiment, said microorganismproduces a concentration of intracellular hemoglobin greater than 0 andless than about 125 nmoles per gram wet weight of cells. In anembodiment, said microorganism produces a concentration of intracellularhemoglobin greater than 0 and less than about 100 nmoles per gram wetweight of cells. In one embodiment, said microorganism produces aconcentration of intracellular hemoglobin or greater than 0 and lessthan about 75 nmoles per gram wet weight of cells.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates a diagram of novel plasmid pTS3 which carries theVitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vgb) on a broad host range, relatively lowcopy number plasmid (in comparison to for example pUC plasmids), pKT230.

FIG. 2 illustrates a diagram of novel plasmid pTS4 which carries theVitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vgb) on a broad host range plasmid,pBBR1—MCS #5.

FIG. 3 illustrates a diagram of novel plasmid pTS5 which carries thepyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase II (adhb) genesfrom Zymomonas mobilis and the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vgb).

FIG. 4 illustrates a gel confirming development of novel E. coli strainFBR5/pTS3 with two stable plasmids: (1) pLOI297 (which carries pdc andadhb) and (2) pTS3. DNA from each clone was separately PCR amplified forpdc+adhb in one reaction and vgb+TcR in another reaction (tetracyclineresistance was used to select for clones with vgb). PCR products foreach clone were combined.

FIG. 5 illustrates a gel confirming development of novel E. coli strainFBR5/pTS4 with two stable plasmids: (1) pLOI297 (which carries pdc andadhb) and (2) pTS4. DNA from each clone was separately PCR amplified forpdc+adhb in one reaction and vgb+TcR in another reaction. PCR productsfor each clone were combined.

FIG. 6 illustrates a gel confirming development of novel E. coli strainFBR5/pTS5 (pdc, adhb and vgb all on one plasmid) by restrictionendonuclease digestion with XhoI, BamHI, and PstI as well as PCR of theVitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vgb) and pyruvate decarboxylase(pdc)+alcohol dehydrogenase B (adhb) cassette.

FIG. 7 illustrates a graph which consolidates data from carbon monoxidedifference spectra (used for VHb protein expression measurement) whichindicated that each strain of ethanol producing E. coli expressing VHb((1) FBR5/pTS3, (2) FBR5/pTS4 and (3) NZN111/pTS5) produced differentconcentrations of VHb on phosphate buffered LB enriched with 8% (w/v)sugar (aerobic conditions with antibiotics at early stationary phase;measured in nmoles VHb/g wet weight of cells). n equals between 4 and 7;standard deviations indicated.

FIG. 8 illustrates a graph which provides data from carbon monoxidedifference spectra which indicated that under microaerobic conditionswith antibiotics that ethanol producing E. coli expressing VHb,FBR5/pTS3 and FBR5/pTS4, produced different concentrations of VHb onphosphate buffered LB enriched with 8% (w/v) sugar; measured in nmolesVHb/g wet weight of cells.

FIG. 9 illustrates a graph of consolidated ethanol assay data ([EtOH] onLB with 8% (w/v) glucose, under microaerobic conditions withantibiotics) which shows that at the 44-47 hour time point the strainFBR5/pTS3 (referred to in the graph as just “pTS3”) exceeded the ethanolconcentration produced by the FBR5 control, which lacked vgb, by 15%(t-test P-value 0.68%—i.e. approximately 99% confidence). n equals 3;standard deviations indicated.

FIG. 10 illustrates a graph of consolidated ethanol assay data ([EtOH]on LB with 8% (w/v) xylose, microaerobic conditions, no antibiotics)which shows that at the 18-22 hour time point the strain FBR5/pTS3(referred to in the graph as just “pTS3”) exceeded the ethanolconcentration produced by the FBR5 control, which lacked vgb, by 138%(t-test P-value 1.52%—i.e. approximately 98% confidence). n equals 3;standard deviations indicated.

FIG. 11 illustrates a graph of consolidated ethanol assay data ([EtOH]on LB with 8% (w/v) xylose, microaerobic conditions, no antibiotics)which shows that at the 44-47 hour time point the strain FBR5/pTS3(referred to in the graph as just “pTS3”) exceeded the ethanolconcentration produced by the FBR5 control, which lacked vgb, by 119%(t-test P-value 1.16%—i.e. approximately 99% confidence). n equals 3;standard deviations indicated.

FIG. 12 illustrates a graph of ethanol assay data divided by opticaldensity of cultures (600 nm) indicates that at the 44-47 hour time pointFBR5/pTS3 (referred to in the graph as just “pTS3”) produced a 31%higher (t-test P-value 8.07%—i.e. approximately 92% confidence)concentration of ethanol per unit measure of cell biomass than the FBR5control on LB with 8% (w/v) glucose. n equals 3; standard deviationsindicated. This graph indicates more efficient production of ethanol ona cell mass basis (i.e. a gram of cells with vgb expression produce moreethanol than a gram of control cells).

FIG. 13 illustrates a graph of ethanol assay data divided by opticaldensity of cultures (600 nm) indicates that at the 44-47 hour time pointFBR5/pTS3 (referred to in the graph as just “pTS3”) produced a 44%higher (t-test P-value 2.04%—i.e. approximately 98% confidence)concentration of ethanol per unit measure of cell biomass than the FBR5control on LB with 8% xylose. n equals 3; standard deviations indicated.This graph also indicates more efficient production of ethanol on a cellmass basis (i.e. a gram of cells with vgb expression produce moreethanol than a gram of control cells).

FIG. 14 illustrates the microaerobic pathways knocked out in E. colistrain NZN111 causing NZN111 to be unable to grow microaerobicallybecause the lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) and pyruvate formate lyase (pfl)enzymes have been knocked out resulting in inability to reduce pyruvatevia fermentation and regenerate NAD⁺. Heavy bars indicate knock out ofpathway.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The practice of the invention disclosed herein employs, unless otherwiseindicated, conventional methods of microbiology, molecular biology, andrecombinant DNA techniques within the level of skill in the art. Suchtechniques are explained fully in the literature. See, e.g., (Sambrook,J., and D. W. Russell. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 3^(rd)ed. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001.

All publications, published patent documents, and patent applicationscited in this specification are indicative of the level of skill in theart(s) to which the invention pertains. All publications, publishedpatent documents, and patent applications cited herein are herebyincorporated by reference to the same extent as though each individualpublication, published patent document, or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated as being incorporated byreference.

As used in this specification, including the appended claims, thesingular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references, unlessthe content clearly dictates otherwise, and are used interchangeablywith “at least one” and “one or more.”

As used herein, the term “about” represents an insignificantmodification or variation of the numerical values such that the basicfunction of the item to which the numerical value relates is unchanged.

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,”“including,” “contains,” “containing,” and any variations thereof, areintended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process,method, product-by-process, or composition of matter that comprises,includes, or contains an element or list of elements does not includeonly those elements but may include other elements not expressly listedor inherent to such process, method, product-by-process, or compositionof matter.

As used herein, the term “gene” refers to a nucleic acid fragment thatexpresses a specific protein, which may include regulatory sequencespreceding (5′ non-coding sequences) and following (3′ non-codingsequences) the coding sequence.

As used herein, the term “expression” refers to the transcription andstable accumulation of sense (mRNA) or antisense RNA derived from agene. Expression may also refer to translation of mRNA into apolypeptide.

As used herein, the term “fermentation product” includes for instanceethanol, glycerol, acetone, n-butanol, butanediol, isopropanol, butyricacid, methane, citric acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, propionic acid,succinic acid, itaconic acid, acetic acid, acetaldehyde,3-hydroxypropionic acid, glyconic acid, tartaric acid and amino acidssuch as L-glutaric acid, L-lysine, L-aspartic acid, L-tryptophan,L-arylglycines or salts of any of these acids.

As used herein, the term “microorganism” has its conventional meaning inthe art and includes bacteria, protozoa, yeasts, molds, and viruses.

As used herein, the term “substantially anaerobic” or “microaerobic” hasits conventional meaning in the art and includes low oxygen conditionsunder which fermentative metabolism is favored over aerobic metabolism.

As used herein, the term “substantially genetically identical” refers toa level of genetic identity greater than about 95%.

As used herein, the term “carbon source” has its conventional meaning inthe art and includes a nutrient comprising at least one carbon molecule.Examples include but are not limited to glucose, xylose, galactose,fructose, mannose, arabinose, and the like.

As used herein, the term “messenger RNA (mRNA)” refers to the RNA thatis without introns and that can be translated into protein by the cell.

As used herein, the term “genetic modification” refers to theintroduction of one or more heterologous nucleic acid sequences into oneor more cells, to provide for expression of a gene or protein ofinterest.

As used here, the term “transformation”, refers to the transfer of anucleic acid fragment into a host organism, resulting in geneticallystable inheritance. The transferred nucleic acid may be in the form of aplasmid maintained in the host cell, or some transferred nucleic acidmay be integrated into the genome of the host cell. Host organismscontaining the transformed nucleic acid fragments are referred to as“transgenic” or “recombinant” or “transformed” organisms as well as“transformants”.

As used herein, the terms “plasmid” and “vector”, refer to an extrachromosomal element often carrying genes which are not part of thecentral metabolism of the cell, and usually in the form of circulardouble-stranded DNA molecules. Such elements may be autonomouslyreplicating sequences, genome integrating sequences, phage or nucleotidesequences, linear or circular, of a single- or double-stranded DNA orRNA, derived from any source, in which a number of nucleotide sequenceshave been joined or recombined into a unique construction which iscapable of introducing a promoter fragment and DNA sequence for aselected gene product along with appropriate 3′ untranslated sequenceinto a cell.

As used herein, the term “lignocellulosic” refers to a compositioncomprising both lignin and cellulose. Lignocellulosic material may alsocomprise hemicellulose.

As used herein, the term “cellulosic” refers to a composition comprisingcellulose and additional components, including hemicellulose.

As used herein, the term “biomass” refers to any cellulosic orlignocellulosic material and includes materials comprising cellulose,and optionally further comprising hemicellulose, lignin, starch,polysaccharides, oligosaccharides and/or monosaccharides. Biomass mayalso comprise additional components, such as protein and/or lipid.Biomass may be derived from a single source, or biomass can comprise amixture derived from more than one source; for example, biomass couldcomprise a mixture of corn cobs and corn stover or fiber, or a mixtureof grass and leaves. Biomass includes, but is not limited to, bioenergycrops, agricultural residues, municipal solid waste, industrial solidwaste, sludge from paper manufacture, yard waste, wood and forestrywaste. Examples of biomass include, but are not limited to, corn grain,corn cobs, crop residues such as corn husks, corn stover, corn fiber,grasses, wheat, wheat straw, barley, barley straw, hay, rice straw,switchgrass, waste paper, sugar cane bagasse, sorghum, soy, componentsobtained from milling of grains, trees, branches, roots, leaves, woodchips, sawdust, shrubs and bushes, vegetables, fruits, flowers andanimal manure.

This disclosure describes increased fermentation product production ingeneral, and increased ethanol production in particular, fromfermentation of a carbon source, such as glucose or xylose, bygenetically engineering ethanol producing microorganisms to express ahemoglobin from a bacteria of the genus Vitreoscilla.

In one embodiment, E. coli strain FBR5 was genetically engineered toexpress Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb). FBR5 is an industriallysignificant ethanol producing E. coli strain because it harbors plasmidpLOI297 (FBR5 is E. coli strain NZN111 plus pLOI297) with the pdc andadhb of Z. mobilis, providing a more efficient ethanol pathway, as wellas having knockouts of ldh (gene for lactate dehydrogenase) and pfl(gene for pyruvate formate lyase), impeding formation of the undesirablefermentation products lactate and acetate (FIG. 14). The VHb gene, vgb,was maintained under the control of the native oxygen sensitiveVitreoscilla promoter and pdc and adhb were both under control of thelac promoter.

Three novel strains of E. coli were developed to test the effects of VHbon ethanol production.

In two of the strains, vgb was expressed on a second plasmid, inaddition to pLOI297. The plasmid of FBR5, pLOI297, carrying pdc and adhbis a pUC18 based plasmid. Ingram, L. O., et al. “Genetic Engineering ofEthanol Production in Escherichia coli.” Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology 53.10 (1987): 2420-2425. pUC based plasmids are derivedfrom ColE1 plasmids and have negative feedback control of replicationinitiation and thus incompatibility with other ColE1 plasmids.Consequently, it is generally not possible to stably propagate twoplasmids of the same incompatibility group (e.g. two pUC plasmids) inthe same cell. However, plasmids from different incompatibility groups,i.e. having different origins of replication, can stably propagate inthe same cell. Lengeler, J. W., et al. Biology of the Prokaryotes. NewYork, N.Y.: Blackwell Science, 1999.

Thus, the ability of plasmids from different incompatibility groups toco-exist within the same cell was used to develop two of the three novelE. coli strains. Strain FBR5/pTS3 was developed by introduction of novelplasmid pTS3 (FIG. 1) into strain FBR5 while preventing the rejection ofplasmid pLOI297. Plasmid pTS3 was constructed by inserting theVitreoscilla hemoglobin gene, vgb, into plasmid pKT230. Plasmid pKT230has two origins of replication each of which is in a differentincompatibility group than ColE1 plasmids. Bagdasarian M., et al.“Specific-purpose plasmid cloning vectors: II. Broad host range, highcopy number, RSF1010-derived vectors, and a host vector system for genecloning in Pseudomonas.” Gene 16 (1981): 237-247. pKT230 is composed ofplasmid pACYC177 ligated with plasmid RSF1010. RSF1010 belongs to theIncQ incompatibility group and pACYC177 contains the replication systemof miniplasmid P15A. Chang, A. C. Y. and Cohen, S. N., “Construction andCharacterization of Amplifiable Multicopy DNA Cloning Vehicles Derivedfrom P15A Cryptic Miniplasmid.” Journal of Bacteriology 134.3 (1978):1141-1156.

Strain FBR5/pTS4 was developed by introduction of novel plasmid pTS4(FIG. 2) into strain FBR5 together with pLOI297. Plasmid pTS4 wasconstructed by insertion of vgb into plasmid pBBR1MCS-5. PlasmidpBBR1MCS-5 has an origin of replication that is compatible with ColE1plasmids. Kovach, M. E., et al. “Four new derivatives of thebroad-host-range cloning vector pBBR1MCS carrying differentantibiotic-resistance cassettes.” Gene 166 (1995): 175-176.

The third novel E. coli strain was developed by combining all threegenes of interest, pdc, adhb and vgb, into one novel plasmid (pTS5),curing FBR5 of the pLOI297 plasmid to produce strain NZN111 andintroducing pTS5 into strain NZN111.

After the three novel ethanol producing strains were developed: (1)FBR5/pTS3, (2) FBR5/pTS4 and (3) NZN111/pTS5, the cell physiology ofthese strains was studied. Data collection focused on Vitreoscillahemoglobin (VHb) production and ethanol production under differentgrowth conditions.

The VHb expression level of FBR5/pTS3, the lowest VHb expression of thenovel strains, was approximately twice the normal induced level inVitreoscilla. Geckil, H., et al. “Enhanced production of acetoin andbutanediol in recombinant Enterobacter aerogens carrying Vitreoscillahemoglobin gene.” Bioprocess and Biosystem Engineering 26 (2004):325-330. Of the three novel strains, only NZN111/pTS5 expressed VHb atlevels as high as those commonly seen for plasmids in E. coli with theVHb gene, vgb, controlled by the native promoter and FBR5/pTS4 expressedVHb at about half of commonly seen levels. Dikshit, K. L., D. A.Webster. “Cloning, characterization and expression of the bacterialglobin gene from Vitreoscilla in Escherichia coli.” Gene 70 (1988):377-386. Fish, P. A, et al., “Vitreoscilla hemoglobin enhances the firststep in 2,4-dinitrotoluene degradation in vitro and at low aeration invivo.” Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 9 (2000): 75-82.

In the study by Tsai et al. 1996, where VHb expression in E. coli froman IPTG inducible plasmid under microaerobic conditions was found toreduce ethanol production monotonically with increasing VHbconcentrations including the lowest VHb concentration tested. The lowestVHb expression level tested was 500 nmoles/gram dry cell weight orapproximately 125 nmoles/gram wet cell weight. Tsai, P. S., et al.“Effect of Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin Dosage on Microaerobic Escherichiacoli Carbon and Energy Metabolism.” Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49(1996): 139-150. This expression level was comparable to the expressionlevel of FBR5/pTS4 under microaerobic conditions while the expressionlevel of FBR5/pTS3 under microaerobic conditions was approximately halfof the lowest level of VHb expression tested by Tsai et al. (FIG. 8).

Thus, the study of Tsai et al. teaches away from VHb expression forincreased ethanol production, particularly in E. coli which produceethanol with the wild-type ethanol pathway. However, it has beensurprisingly found that lower levels of VHb expression than those testedby Tsai et al. actually increase ethanol production.

The results indicate that a relatively low level of VHb expression isbeneficial to ethanol production, even under the selective pressure ofadditional antibiotics and even at the metabolic cost of maintainingadditional plasmid DNA. For example, FBR5/pTS3 produced 15% higherethanol concentration (v/v) on buffered LB enriched with 8% (w/v)glucose under microaerobic conditions with antibiotics and 119-138%higher ethanol concentration (v/v) on buffered LB enriched with 8% (w/v)xylose under microaerobic conditions without antibiotics.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only andare not intended to limit the scope of the invention as defined in theappended claims.

Example 1 Development of Novel Strains Expressing a PyruvateDecarboxylase and a Alcohol Dehydrogenase from a Bacteria of the GenusZymomonas; a Xylose Isomerase Enzyme; and a Hemoglobin Gene from aBacteria of the Genus Vitreoscilla

A. Cloning Methods Utilized

Polymerase chain reactions were separately performed using twopolymerase mixtures. For cloning purposes, TcR (tetracycline resistance)was PCR amplified from plasmid pBR322 using JumpStart ReadyMix Taq(Sigma-Aldrich Catalog #P2893). Taq ReadyMix was also used fordiagnostic purposes to detect for the presence of particular plasmid orgene in cells. All other PCR amplification for cloning was performedwith the Phusion High-Fidelity PCR Kit (New England BioLabs Catalog#F-5535).

All primers for PCR amplification were obtained from Integrated DNATechnologies (Coralville, Iowa) and the following primers were used foreach amplification: (1) vgb with PstI ends was PCR amplified frompUC8:16 Primer 1—5′-AAA CTG CAG GTT AAA AGT ATT TGA GTT TTG ATG TGG A-3′and Primer 2—5′-CCA ATG CAT TGG TTC TGC AGG TGT AAA TAT CAG ACG TAA AAAGAC CA-3; (2) TcR with EcoRI ends was PCR amplified from pBR322 usingPrimer 1—5′-AAA ACT GCA GAA AAC CCG GGC TCT TCC TTT TTC AAT ATT ATT GAAGCA-3′ and Primer 2—5′-TGC ATT GGC TGC AGT TTC CCG GGT TTT TGA ATT CATATG TTC TGC CAA GGG TTG GTT TG-3′; (3) TcR with HindIII ends and pointmutation was PCR amplified from pBR322 using Primer 1—5′-CCC AAG CTT TTGACA GCT TAT CAT CGA TAA GCT ATA ATG CGG TAG TTT ATC AC-3′ and Primer2—5′-CCC AAG CTT ATA TGT TCT GCC AAG GGT TGG TTT G-3; (4) vgb+TcRcassette with EcoRI ends was PCR amplified from pTS2 using Primer1—5′-GGC GAA TTC CTG CAA GGC GAT TAA GTT GG-3′ and Primer 2—5′-GGC GAATTC CAA GGC ACA CCT GAA GAC G-3; (5) pdc+adhb cassette with BamHI endswas PCR amplified from pLOI297 using Primer 1—5′-AAA GGA TCC GCG CAA CGTAAT TAA TGT GAG TT-3′ and Primer 2—5′-TTT GGA TCC CCA AAT GGC AAA TTATT-3; and (6) vgb+TcR cassette with XhoI ends was PCR amplified frompTS2 using Primer 1—5′-GGC CTC GAG CTG CAA GGC GAT TAA GTT GG-3′ andPrimer 2—5′-GGC CTC GAG CAA GGC ACA CCT GAA GAC G-3′.

PCR amplification cycles were the following: (1) vgb with PstI ends PCRamplified from pUC8:16 [step 1—94° C. for 5 minutes, step 2—94° C. for30 seconds, step 3—59° C. for 30 seconds, step 4—72° C. for 1 minute and15 seconds, step 5—72° C. for 5 minutes and step 6—held at 4° C.;amplification cycle (steps 2-4) repeated 30 times]; (2) TcR with EcoRIends was PCR amplified from pBR322 using the same cycle as for vgb withPstI ends, including annealing temperature, except elongation step 4—72°C. for 2 minutes; (3) TcR with HindIII ends and point mutation was PCRamplified from pBR322 again using the same cycle for vgb with PstI ends,except a temperature gradient for annealing temperatures was usedbetween 57.7° C. and 61.6° C. where all temperatures worked andelongation step 4—72° C. for 2 minutes (4) vgb+TcR cassette with EcoRIends was PCR amplified from pTS2 using Phusion polymerase [step 1—98° C.for 30 seconds, step 2—98° C. for 10 seconds, step 3—55° C. for 30seconds, step 4—72° C. for 1 minute and 30 seconds, step 5—72° C. for 5minutes and step 6—held at 4° C.; amplification cycle (steps 2-4)repeated 35 times]; (5) pdc+adhb cassette with BamHI ends was PCRamplified from pLOI297 using Phusion polymerase and the same cycle asamplicon 4 except a temperature gradient for annealing temperatures wasused between 50° C. and 70° C. where all temperatures worked andelongation step 4—72° C. for 2 minutes; and (6) vgb+TcR cassette withXhoI ends was PCR amplified from pTS2 using Phusion polymerase and samecycle as for the vgb+TcR cassette with EcoRI ends.

All PCR reactions were run in a MJ Research PTC-200 Peltier ThermalCycler. Excluding use of the PCR-Script Amp system, before enzymaticdigestion, all PCR products were cleaned with QIAquick PCR Purificationkit (Qiagen Catalog #28104).

DNA gel electrophoresis was done using 1% agarose gels (35 ml of either1×TAE or 0.5×TBE buffer prepared as described in Sambrook 2001(Sambrook, J., and D. W. Russell. Molecular Cloning: A LaboratoryManual. 3^(rd) ed. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press, 2001) and 0.35 g of electrophoresis grade agarose(Amresco Catalog #0710-500G) with 1:10,000 dilution of gel stain GelRed(Biotium Catalog #41003). Agarose weights were measured using a DenverInstruments APX-60 balance. Gels were run in a horizontal gel box(similar to an Owl Separation Systems Model B1) with a power supply (VWRScientific Model VWR 105) set at 130 V. All ladders used were HindIIIrestriction endonuclease digestions of λ-DNA.

All endonuclease digestions were performed using New England BioLabsenzymes and buffers. Reactions were incubated in an incubator (VWRScientific Model VWR1530) at 37° C. for a minimum of 1 hour to as longas overnight.

For all ligation reactions, except the cloning of pTS1 and pTS3, alldigested DNA was extracted from gels before preparation of ligationreactions. For pTS3, the insert was gel extracted, but pKT230 was toolarge (12 kb) to gel extract because it could not be removed from beadsdue to excessively tight binding. All gel extractions were performedusing the Qiaex II system (Qiagen Catalog #20021). The sole deviationfrom the standard protocol was that DNA was heated to 60° C. for tenminutes in order to elute from beads.

All ligations, other than PCR-Script Amp ligations, were incubatedovernight at between 4° C. and 16° C. using T4 DNA ligase from NewEngland BioLabs (Catalog #M0202S). Total concentration of DNA inligations (vector+insert) was approximately 10 ng/μl, generally 100 ngin 10 μl ligation reactions. Insert to plasmid molar ratios wereapproximately 7:1.

Plasmids were prepped according to three primary protocols (1) QiagenQIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Catalog #27104), (2) Promega PureYieldPlasmid Midiprep System (Catalog #A2492) and (3) alkaline lysis(Sambrook 2001).

For pTS3, pTS4 and pTS5, PCR products were prepared for insertion byligation into intermediate plasmid PCR-Script Amp. The StratagenePCR-Script Amp cloning kit (Catalog #211188) was used. All reactionswere performed at half volume to extend kit life. Also the competentcells provided by the kit were not used because they were found toexhibit a high degree of tetracycline antibiotic resistance.

Chemical competent and electro-competent cells were prepared accordingto the protocol of Sambrook 2001. It was found that electrocompetentcells had a very short shelf-life at −80° C. NEB 5-alphaelectrocompetent E. coli were used for several transformations and foundto have a much longer shelf life at −80° C. (New England Biolabs Catalog#C2989K).

All heat shock transformations were carried out as described in Sambrook2001. When tetracycline selection was used, heat shock was the necessaryprocedure because electroporation has low efficiency. Steele, C., S.Zhang, and E. J. Shillitoe. “Effect of Different Antibiotics onEfficiency of Transformation of Bacteria by Electroporation.”BioTechniques 17.2 (1994): 360-365. Electroporation was done using a BTXElectro Square Porator ECM830 and BTX 1 mm gap cuvettes. The settingsused were 500 V and pulse length of 17 ms.

Working antibiotic concentrations for ampicillin (Amp), kanamycin (Km),streptomycin (Sm), gentamicin (Gm) and tetracycline (Tc) were 100 μg/ml,50 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml and 25 μg/ml, respectively, throughout theexperiments. Stock solutions were prepared in sterile dH2O of (1)Amp-sodium salt of 25 mg/ml, (2) Km 10 mg/ml, (3) Sm-sulfate 10 mg/ml,and Gm 10 mg/ml. The stock solution for Tc was 5 mg/ml in 50% dH2O and50% EtOH.

All plates used for FBR5 and derivative strains had LB, appropriateantibiotics and were supplemented with 8% (w/v) xylose (D-xyloseSigma-Aldrich X1500). Selection and maintenance plates were used asfollows: FBR5 on LB/Amp, FBR5/pTS3 on LB/Amp/Sm, FBR5/pTS4 on LB/Amp/Gm,NZN111 on LB/Km, pTS5/NZN111 on LB/Amp and both DH5a/pTS1 and DH5a/pTS2on LB/Tc.

Blue white screening for β-galactosidase activity was done onLB/antibiotic plates to which 100 μl pool of LB had been added and intowhich 100 μl of 2% X-gal (in dimethylformamide) and 100 μl of 10 mM IPTG(in sterile dH2O) were added. This mixture was distributed evenly acrossthe surface of the plate and allowed to soak into plates for 30 minutes.

B. Development of Novel Plasmids and Novel Strains

A strategy was developed to clone TcR (tetracycline resistance gene)from plasmid pBR322 into the HindIII site of vgb containing plasmidpUC8:16 (HindIII sites lies adjacent to vgb). The primary challengeencountered was that a HindIII site existed in the −10 sequence of thepromoter of TcR of pBR322. In response, primers were designed to amplifyTcR with a one base pair mismatch creating a point mutation to knockoutthe HindIII site and enhance the −10 sequence of the promoter bychanging it from TTTAAT to the consensus sequence TATAAT. The pointmutation by primer mismatch PCR was successful. The insert was ligatedinto pUC8:16 to create pTS2. Construction of pTS2 was confirmed byHindIII digestion, by EcoRI digestion, and PCR amplification of theinsert.

A PCR strategy was developed to amplify the region of pTS2 containingvgb and TcR as one amplicon. The vgb+TcR cassette was successfullyamplified with the Phusion polymerase. The vgb+TcR cassette was thensuccessfully ligated into the intermediate cloning vector PCR-ScriptAmp.

The vgb+TcR cassette was digested from plasmid PCR-Script Amp+vgb+TcRand inserted into the EcoRI site of pKT230 to create pTS3 (FIG. 1), andsimilarly inserted into the EcoRI site of pBBR1-MCS-5 to create pTS4(FIG. 2). Construction of plasmids pTS3 and pTS4 was confirmed by EcoRIdigestion, and further confirmed by PCR amplification of the insert.

Next, pTS3 and pTS4 were separately introduced into strain FBR5 byelectroporation to generate strains FBR5/pTS3 and FBR5/pTS4. Afterelectroporation, FBR5/pTS3 transformants were selected on plates ofxylose enriched LB media with ampicillin and streptomycin. The presenceof the two plasmids within the cells allowed for growth because pLOI297alone conferred antibiotic resistance to ampicillin and pTS3 aloneconferred resistance to streptomycin. After electroporation, FBR5/pTS4transformants were selected on plates of xylose enriched LB media withampicillin and gentamicin. The presence of the two plasmids within thecells allowed for growth because pLOI297 alone conferred antibioticresistance to ampicillin and pTS4 alone conferred resistance togentamicin.

Development of the novel strains (FBR5/pTS3 and FBR5/pTS4) was confirmedby PCR amplification of pdc+adhb from pLOI297 in one reaction andvgb+TcR on pTS3 or pTS4 in another reaction (FIGS. 4 and 5).

In order to potentially increase ethanol production efficiency bycombining all three genes of interest, vgb, pdc and adhb, on onehigh-copy-number plasmid and to simplify growth conditions by reducingthe number of antibiotics required for plasmid stabilization, pTS5 wasconstructed (FIG. 3).

The first step in the construction of pTS5 was use of a strategy to PCRamplify pdc and adhb together as a cassette including the lac promoter.The pdc+adhb cassette was successfully amplified with the Phusionpolymerase. The pdc+adhb cassette (3.2 kb) was then successfully ligatedinto cloning vector PCR-Script Amp (3 kb) using blue-white screening.Previous use of the vgb+TcR cassette with EcoRI ends was not applicablefor construction of pTS5 because an EcoRI restriction site was presentbetween the lac promoter and pdc and adhb. There was no restriction sitefor XhoI present in the pdc+adhb cassette or within the vgb+TcRcassette, but a unique XhoI site was present on the plasmid PCR-ScriptAmp. Therefore, the vgb+TcR cassette was PCR amplified with XhoI ends.

Insertion of the vgb+TcR cassette with XhoI ends into cloning vectorPCR-Script Amp was complicated by the occurrence of an internal deletionin TcR. It remains unknown why the vgb+TcR cassette with XhoI endsexhibited internal deletion when the vgb+TcR cassette with EcoRI endsdid not. Yet, by use of blue-white screening construction of PCR-ScriptAmp+insert of partial vgb+TcR cassette was confirmed by digestion withrestriction endonuclease XhoI, and by PCR amplification of the insertusing primers specific to the vgb+TcR cassette. For clones #3 and #6, itwas determined by PCR amplification with primers specific to vgb thatthe internal deletion in the vgb+TcR cassette was within the region ofTcR and that vgb including its native oxygen sensitive promoter wasintact.

Subsequently, vgb with XhoI ends was released from PCR-Script Amp vgb byrestriction endonuclease digestion with XhoI and inserted into theunique XhoI site of PCR-Script Amp pdc+adhb to create novel plasmidpTS5. Selection for successful construction was difficult because theblue-white screen had been expended in generation of PCR-Script Amppdc+adhb and the insert carried no antibiotic resistance. Ligation wasperformed with a molar ratio between insert and plasmid much higher that7:1 used in previous ligations, risking multiple inserts while reducingthe probably of plasmid self ligation. The ligation mixture waselectroporated into NEB 5-alpha cells and plated to LB/ampicillin. Allcolonies were picked and used to inoculate 2 ml LB/ampicillin culturesgrown overnight. 1.5 ml of each culture was pelleted and pellets werevisually examined to distinguish pink color that might be attributed toVHb. Promising pellets were mini-prepped and tested for presence ofPCR-Script Amp pdc+adhb+vgb (pTS5) with single cut restrictionendonuclease digestion with PstI and vgb insert releasing digestion withXhoI, and further with BamHI. Construction of pTS5 was further verifiedby PCR amplification of pdc+adhb in one reaction and vgb in anotherreaction.

In order to generate novel E. coli strain NZN111/pTS5, FBR5 had to firstbe cured of plasmid pLOI297. FBR5 was repeatedly restreaked on xyloseenriched LB/kanamycin plates because the kanamycin resistance gene waspresent on the genomic DNA where it had been used to knock out thelactate dehydrogenase gene. After repeated restreaks, FBR5 was found tohave lost ampicillin resistance indicating that it had been cured ofplasmid pLOI297 generating the underlying parent strain of FBR5, NZN111.NZN111 was cultured and prepared for electroporation and pTS5 wasintroduced by electroporation. NZN111/pTS5 transformants were screenedon xylose enriched LB/ampicillin plates. Generation of novel E. colistrain NZN111/pTS5 was verified by restriction endonuclease digestionwith XhoI, BamHI, and PstI as well as PCR amplification with primers topdc+adhb in one reaction and primers to vgb in another reaction (FIG.6).

Example 2 VHb Expression and Ethanol Production Studies of Novel Strains

A. Methods for Measurement of Ethanol Production, Methods forMeasurement of VHb Expression, Strain Maintenance, and Statistical Tests

Fermentation studies were performed with the following media: phosphatebuffered LB enriched with 8% (w/v) of one of D-xylose or D-glucose. Allsugar percentages herein are in percent (w/v) unless otherwisespecified. Carbon monoxide difference spectra, measuring VHb expression,were collected for FBR5, FBR5/pTS3, FBR5/pTS4 and NZN111/pTS5 culturedin phosphate buffered LB enriched with 8% (w/v) xylose or 8% (w/v)glucose.

For making buffered LB the following stock solutions were prepared: (1)40% (w/v) sugar solution in dH₂O of D-xylose or D-glucose (the sugar wasautoclaved separately); (2) 2×LB with no NaCl made by dissolving 10 gtryptone and 5 g yeast extract in 500 ml dH₂O and autoclaving; (3)phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, by dissolving 10.8 g sodium phosphatemonobasic, monohydrate and 17.3 g of sodium phosphate dibasic in 200 mldH₂O and autoclaving, and (4) sodium acetate 10% (w/v) in dH₂O (alsoautoclaved).

The buffered and enriched LB was prepared as phosphate buffered:phosphate buffered included 50 ml 2×LB, 20 ml phosphate buffer, 20 ml ofsugar stock, 9 ml dH₂O and 1 ml sodium acetate.

Stock solutions of antibiotics were prepared in sterile dH₂O of (1)ampicillin (Amp), 25 mg/ml, (2) kanamycin (Km), 10 mg/ml, (3)streptomycin (Sm), 10 mg/ml, and gentamicin (Gm), 10 mg/ml. Workingantibiotic concentrations were 100 μg/ml Amp for FBR5 cultures, 100μg/ml Amp and 50 μg/ml Sm for FBR5/pTS3 cultures, 100 μg/ml Amp and 5μg/ml Gm for FBR5/pTS4 cultures and 100 μg/ml Amp for NZN111/pTS5cultures.

All strains were maintained on LB plates with the appropriateantibiotic(s) enriched with 8% xylose. The plates were made bysubstituting 20% of the volume of dH₂O with xylose in dH₂O (40% w/v).All liquid cultures were started from single colonies as smallpre-cultures of approximately 2 ml in LB with the appropriateantibiotic(s) enriched with 8% xylose. Pre-cultures were grown tostationary phase and optical densities were measured. Larger cultureswere started with approximately 500 μl of pre-culture, but inoculationvolumes were adjusted, taking into account optical density, to equalizebiomass of inoculums across cultures.

Each aerobic culture (for VHb expression measurements) was grown as 50ml of culture in a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask. The media composition of theaerobic cultures was identical to the media composition of themicroaerobic cultures, but all the volumes were halved. The flasks wereclamped onto the base plate of a platform shaker (Lab-Line IncubatorShaker) at 37° C. and approximately 180 rpm.

All microaerobic cultures were grown as 100 ml of culture in a 125 mlErlenmeyer flask. The flask was capped with a rubber stopper piercedwith a 22 gauge needle for CO₂ exhaust. Similarly, the flasks wereclamped onto the base plate of a platform shaker at approximately 180rpm and 37° C.

All cultures were run as sets which included the control strain growingin the same shaker's incubation conditions, batch of media, and at thesame times as each of the other strains being tested. For ethanol andoptical density measurements at the first time point, one ml was removedfor assays from each flask and placed in a capped 1.5 mlmicro-centrifuge tube and cultures were quickly returned to the shakerin order to minimize disruption of growth conditions.

All optical density (OD) measurements throughout the cell physiologystudies were done on a ThemoSpectronic Genesys 10 uv spectrophotometerat 600 nm. The cultures were diluted 1:10 with the appropriate medium(LB or LB enriched with hydrolysate) in order to maintain the linearityof the OD measurements and read against blanks of the correspondingmedia. All OD measurements as reported below are the original 1:10dilution measurements multiplied by 10 to reflect full OD.

Carbon monoxide difference spectra were taken as previously described.Dikshit, K. L., D. A. Webster. “Cloning, characterization and expressionof the bacterial globin gene from Vitreoscilla in Escherichia coli.”Gene 70 (1988): 377-386. The majority of carbon monoxide (CO) differencemeasurements were made under aerobic culture conditions at earlystationary phase. All cultures were closely monitored by measurement ofOD as cultures approached stationary phase. As OD readings began tolevel off, 40 ml of the cultures were harvested by centrifugation in aSorvall Instruments RC5C at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes. Cultures grownunder microaerobic conditions were similarly harvested for CO differencemeasurements immediately after data were collected at the second timepoint (44-47 hours of growth).

Centrifuge tubes used to spin down cells were weighed before cellculture was added and after cells had been pelleted in order todetermine the wet weight of cells. If CO difference was not measuredimmediately, pellets were stored at −20° C. For CO differencemeasurement, cells were resuspended at a concentration of 40 mg wetweight of cells per ml in 0.10 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.5. Oncecells were evenly resuspended, 3 ml of cell suspension was placed intoeach of two quartz cuvettes. To each cuvette was further added a matchhead worth of the reducing agent sodium dithionite and cuvettes weremixed by gentle inversion. Both cuvettes were placed into the duel beamspectrophotometer (Varian Cary 300 Scan UV-Visible), the SBW parameterwas set to 4.0 and baseline absorbance was measured starting at 600 nmand ending at 400 nm with a scan rate of 200 nm/minute. Then the cuvettepositioned toward the front of the machine was removed and bubbled withCO at a rate of approximately one bubble per second for a period of 2minutes. The CO bubbled cuvette was replaced into the spectrophotometerand sample data was overlaid over the baseline trace with the same scanparameters as the baseline.

Once a CO difference trace had been collected, VHb concentration wasdetermined by measuring absorbance at 419 nm (a positive value) and theabsolute value of the absorbance at 436 nm (a negative value) and addingthe two values to get ΔA. Concentration of VHb in nanomoles/ml wasdetermined by ΔA/274*1000. Concentration of VHb in nanomoles/gram cellwet weight was determined by converting nanomoles/ml by multiplying by 1ml/0.04 g. All VHb concentrations reported herein are in nmoles VHb/gcell wet weight.

All ethanol measurements were made using BioAssay Systems EnzyChromEthanol Assay Kit (ECET-100). This enzymatic assay is based on alcoholdehydrogenase catalyzed oxidation of ethanol, in which the NADH formedis coupled to formazan (MTT)/phenazine methosulfate. The intensity ofthe color produced, measured at 565 nm, is proportionate to the ethanolconcentration of the sample. Since this is an enzymatic assay, itrequires time to proceed and color is allowed to develop over 5 minutes.Standard curves were prepared for each kit purchased and all ethanolconcentrations were determined from the standard curve for the kit usedto take measurements. The ECET-100 protocol was followed and reagentswere mixed fresh for each sample. OD values at 5 minutes were adjustedby the OD at 5 minutes of the blank (with no ethanol) to determineethanol concentration, rather than determining the DOD (OD at 5 minutesminus OD at time 0) as described in the protocol. This deviation was dueto the relatively large variability in OD at time zero for a sampledepending on the time taken to get the cuvette into thespectrophotometer whereas OD changed more slowly around the 5 minutetime point. A ThermoSpectronic Genesys 10 uv and Brand UltramicroCuvettes (Catalog #759200) were used for all ethanol OD measurements.All ethanol measurements reported below are in percentage v/v, unlessotherwise specified.

For ethanol measurements, 1 ml was aliquoted from cultures and placedinto a 1.5 ml micro-centrifuge tube. The cultures were diluted 100-200fold, 50 μl in 5 ml dH₂O or 50 μl in 10 ml dH₂O for ethanol measurement.A blank reaction with all reagents added to a sample of dH₂O wasprepared for each set of ethanol measurements.

Statistical analysis was done on the data using t-tests to determine theprobably that the means of the compared data sets were the same. Allprobability values provided herein are for two-tailed t-tests. When thenumber of samples in compared data sets was the same, a paired t-testwas used. When the number of samples in compared data sets wasdifferent, a t-test with the assumption of homoscedasticity was usedbecause this provided a more conservative probability estimate and therewas no reason to believe the variances of the compared data sets weredifferent.

B. VHb Expression Measurements

Once the novel strains of ethanol producing E. coli were developed, eachstrain was grown in phosphate buffered LB media enriched with sugarunder aerobic conditions to measure the concentration of VHb production.Mainly aerobic culture conditions were used for the measurement of VHbproduction by the novel strains because expression of VHb is commonlymeasured with 50 ml of culture in a 250 ml flask and cells harvested atearly stationary phase. The three novel strains were found to producedistinctly different concentrations of VHb on fermentation media (FIG.7); this allowed examination of the VHb dosage effect on ethanolfermentation. The control strain FBR5 tested negative for VHbexpression.

Fermentation under Microaerobic Conditions with Antibiotics

Fermentation studies were performed with phosphate buffered LB enrichedwith glucose under microaerobic conditions with antibiotics for thecontrol strain, FBR5, and all three novel strains. FIG. 9 shows that theconcentration of ethanol produced by FBR5/pTS3 exceeded theconcentration of ethanol produced by FBR5 in phosphate buffered LB with8% glucose in microaerobic conditions with antibiotics at the 44-47 hourtime point by 15%. A t-test provided greater than 99% confidence forthis finding of higher ethanol production by FBR5/pTS3 at the 44-47 hourtime point.

The ratio of ethanol concentration to cell biomass was 31% higher forFBR5/pTS3 than FBR5 in phosphate buffered LB with 8% glucose inmicroaerobic conditions with antibiotics at the 44-47 hour time point(FIG. 12). A t-test provided greater than 90% confidence for thisfinding. This finding indicates more efficient production of ethanol ona cell mass basis (i.e. a gram of cells with vgb expression produce moreethanol than a gram of control cells).

Since previous measures of VHb expression had been made for aerobiccultures, two sets of measures were made for VHb expression undermicroaerobic conditions with antibiotics for FBR5/pTS3 and FBR5/pTS4(FIG. 8). Also, FBR5/pTS3 maintained similar VHb expression levels undermicroaerobic conditions without antibiotics: on phosphate buffered LBwith 8% xylose, 37.38 nmoles VHb/g wet weight of cells, standarddeviation 19.12, n equals 3; on phosphate buffered LB with 8% glucose,54.17 nmoles VHb/g wet weight of cells, standard deviation 13.47, nequals 3.

Fermentation under Microaerobic Conditions without Antibiotics

Additional fermentation studies were performed with phosphate bufferedLB enriched with xylose under microaerobic conditions withoutantibiotics for the control strain, FBR5, and only FBR5/pTS3, because itappeared that the VHb expression level of FBR5/pTS3 was the mostbeneficial to ethanol production. FIG. 10 shows that the concentrationof ethanol produced by FBR5/pTS3 exceeded the concentration of ethanolproduced by FBR5 in phosphate buffered LB with 8% xylose in microaerobicconditions without antibiotics at the 18-22 hour time point by 138%. At-test provided greater than 98% confidence for this finding of higherethanol production by FBR5/pTS3.

FIG. 11 shows that the concentration of ethanol produced by FBR5/pTS3exceeded the concentration of ethanol produced by FBR5 in phosphatebuffered LB with 8% xylose in microaerobic conditions withoutantibiotics at the 44-47 hour time point by 119%. A t-test providedgreater than 98% confidence for this finding of higher ethanolproduction by FBR5/pTS3.

The ratio of ethanol concentration to cell biomass was 44% higher forFBR5/pTS3 than FBR5 in phosphate buffered LB with 8% xylose inmicroaerobic conditions without antibiotics at the 44-47 hour time point(FIG. 13). A t-test provided greater than 97% confidence for thisfinding. This finding indicates more efficient production of ethanol ona cell mass basis (i.e. a gram of cells with vgb expression produce moreethanol than a gram of control cells).

A number of patents, patent application publications, and scientificpublications are cited throughout and/or listed at the end of thedescription. Each of these is incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. Likewise, all publications mentioned in an incorporatedpublication are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Examples in cited publications and limitations related therewith areintended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Other limitations of thecited publications will become apparent to those of skill in the artupon a reading of the specification and a study of the drawings.

The words “comprise”, “comprises”, and “comprising” are to beinterpreted inclusively rather than exclusively.

1. A microorganism which utilizes a carbon source to produce afermentation product wherein said microorganism expresses a pyruvatedecarboxylase gene and at least one alcohol dehydrogenase gene from abacteria of the genus Zymomonas, and further wherein said microorganismcomprises at least one genetic modification which provides forexpression of a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria of the genusVitreoscilla.
 2. The microorganism of claim 1, wherein the microorganismis a prokaryote.
 3. The microorganism of claim 2, wherein themicroorganism is a bacteria of a genus selected from the groupconsisting of Escherichia and Zymomonas.
 4. The microorganism of claim3, wherein the microorganism is a bacteria of the genus Escherichia. 5.The microorganism of claim 3, wherein the microorganism is a bacteria ofthe genus Zymomonas.
 6. The microorganism of claim 4, wherein themicroorganism is Escherichia coli.
 7. The microorganism of claim 5,wherein the microorganism is Zymomonas mobilis.
 8. The microorganism ofclaim 1, wherein the microorganism has improved fermentation performancecompared to an essentially genetically identical microorganism whichlacks at least one genetic modification which provides for expression ofa hemoglobin gene from a bacteria of the genus Vitreoscilla.
 9. Themicroorganism of claim 1, wherein the expression of a hemoglobin genefrom a bacteria of the genus Vitreoscilla produces a concentration ofintracellular hemoglobin greater than 0 and less than about 125 nmolesper gram wet weight of cells.
 10. A method for producing a fermentationproduct comprising: a) providing a microorganism which utilizes a carbonsource to produce a fermentation product wherein said microorganismexpresses a pyruvate decarboxylase gene and at least one alcoholdehydrogenase gene from a bacteria of the genus Zymomonas; b) modifyingthe genetics of said microorganism wherein said modifying comprises atleast one genetic modification which provides for expression of ahemoglobin gene from a bacteria of the genus Vitreoscilla; and c)contacting the genetically modified microorganism of step b) with atleast one carbon source under substantially anaerobic conditions. 11.The method of claim 10, wherein the microorganism is a prokaryote. 12.The method of claim 11, wherein the microorganism is a bacteria of agenus selected from the group consisting of Escherichia and Zymomonas.13. The method of claim 10, wherein the fermentation product is ethanol.14. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least one carbon source isselected from the group consisting of glucose and xylose.
 15. The methodof claim 10, wherein the expression of a hemoglobin gene from a bacteriaof the genus Vitreoscilla produces a concentration of intracellularhemoglobin greater than 0 and less than about 125 nmoles per gram wetweight of cells.
 16. A method for increasing production of afermentation product comprising: a) providing a microorganism whichutilizes a carbon source comprising xylose to produce a fermentationproduct wherein said microorganism expresses at least one xyloseisomerase gene; b) modifying the genetics of said microorganism whereinsaid modifying comprises at least one genetic modification whichprovides for expression of a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria of thegenus Vitreoscilla; and c) contacting the genetically modifiedmicroorganism of step b) with at least one carbon source comprisingxylose under substantially anaerobic conditions wherein production ofthe fermentation product is increased compared to fermentation underequivalent conditions with an essentially genetically identicalmicroorganism which lacks at least one genetic modification whichprovides for expression of a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria of thegenus Vitreoscilla.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the fermentationproduct is ethanol.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein themicroorganism is a bacteria of the genus Escherichia.
 19. The method ofclaim 16, wherein the expression of a hemoglobin gene from a bacteria ofthe genus Vitreoscilla produces a concentration of intracellularhemoglobin greater than 0 and less than about 125 nmoles per gram wetweight of cells.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the carbon sourceis derived from cellulosic biomass.